Referring to the reversal of direction of an organism’s movement, such as during migration.

A DNA molecule made of two complementary strands, one of which is from a different source or species.

The sex of an organism that produces two different types of gametes, such as males in humans (XY chromosomes).

A precursor to messenger RNA (mRNA) that is transcribed from DNA but undergoes processing before becoming functional mRNA.

A cell or organism that contains two genetically different sets of genes, often as a result of hybridization.

A cell that contains two or more genetically distinct nuclei, typically resulting from fusion of two different cells.

The phenomenon where hybrid offspring exhibit superior traits or performance compared to their parents, often seen in agriculture and breeding.

The destruction or breaking down of blood cells.

A copper-based oxygen-carrying molecule found in the blood of some arthropods and mollusks, functioning similarly to hemoglobin in vertebrates.

A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and carries it from the lungs to tissues and organs throughout the body.