Inheritance of genes that are passed from mother to offspring, typically associated with mitochondrial DNA or plastid DNA.

The extracellular environment in which cells are embedded, providing structural and biochemical support.

The substance of which physical objects are made, consisting of atoms and molecules.

A jaw that is robust and large, often seen in archaic human populations.

The upper jawbone in vertebrates, which holds the upper teeth and supports the face.

Relating to the maxilla or upper jaw.

Teeth located in the upper jaw of vertebrates, involved in biting and chewing food.

A modified limb found in some arthropods, used for feeding and located near the mouth.

Abbreviation for megabase, a unit of length in molecular biology equivalent to one million base pairs of DNA.

The average value of a set of data, calculated by summing the values and dividing by the number of values.