The change in the optical rotation of a solution due to the interconversion between an alpha and beta form of a sugar.

A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, leading to genetic variation.

The frequency at which mutations occur in a given genetic material over a specified period.

A type of symbiotic relationship between two species in which both species benefit from the interaction.

Millivolt, a unit of electrical potential equal to one-thousandth of a volt.

Million years ago, often used in paleontology to indicate the time period in which certain events or species existed.

Muscle pain or soreness, often caused by overuse, injury, or infection.

The network of thread-like structures (hyphae) that forms the vegetative part of a fungus.

A group of small, non-vascular plants in the phylum Bryophyta, typically found in moist environments.

Relating to mucus or the secretion of mucus by mucous membranes.